The example of Expository Essay

TYPES AND ASPECTS OF VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE

Vocabulary is central to english language teaching. Everybody needs it to express their own idea and manage communication. It is also significant for them to develop greater fluency and expression in English. on the other hand,sufficient vocabulary students cannot understand others or express the ideas. Wilkins (1972) wrote that “. . . while without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed” (pp. 111–112). vocabulary also has a very important role as (Mc Carthy,1990:66) says : “It seems self evident that the most frequent words in any language will be the most useful ones for learners of that language, and therefore the best to start off with, in order to give the learner a basic set of skills for communication. It is said that vocabulary is used by people as the basic knowledge of learning a language in order to make communication and interaction among them in their daily life. 

There are several types of vocabulary are divided into Brick and Mortan (2003: 22):

a. Brick words are the vocabulary specific to the content and concepts.It was found in glossaries and in bold face print in the content area text books.

b. Mortar words and phrases are the general utility vocabulary required for constructing sentences and paragraphs to engage in discussions using academic English. Mortar words and phrases help to connect language togetther and are essential to its comprehension. Mortarterms include:

1) Connecting words are be represents, for examples, however and whereas

2) Prepositions and prepositional phrases are on, in, under, behind,between

3) Academic vocabulary typically found in content area objectives, test,questions, and assignment are analyze, plan, compare, evaluate.

            Three significant aspects to be aware of and focus on are form, meaning, and use. According to Nation (2001), the form of a word involves its pronunciation (spoken form), spelling (written form), and any word parts that make up this particular item (such as a prefix, root, and suffix).An example for word parts can been seen with the word uncommunicative,

where the prefix un- means negative or opposite, communicate is the root word, and -ive is a suffix denoting that someone or something is able to do something. Here, they all go together to refer to someone or something that is not able to communicate, hence uncommunicative.

Nation (2001) stated that meaning encompasses the way that form and meaning work together, in other words, the concept and what items it refers to, and the associations that come to mind when people think about a specific word or expression. For example, what is the meaning of this word ?

Use, Nation noted, involves the grammatical functions of the word or phrase, collocations that normally go with it, and finally any constraints on its use, in terms of frequency, level, and so forth. For form, meaning, and use, Nation(2001) declared there is both a receptive and productive dimension, so knowing these three aspects for each word or phrase actually involves18 different types of lexical knowledge, as summarized in Table 1.

Table 1. What Is Involved in Knowing a Word

Aspect	Component	Receptive knowledge	Productive Knowledge
Form	Spoken	What does the word sound like?	How is the word pronounced?
	Written	What does the word look like?	How is the word written and spelled?
	word parts	What parts are recognizable in this word?	What word parts are needed to express the meaning?
Meaning	form and meaning	What meaning does this word form signal?	What word form can be used to express this meaning?
	concepts and referents	What is included in this concept?	What items can the concept refer to?
	associations	What other words does this make people think of?	What other words could people use instead of this one?
Use	grammatical functions	In what patterns does the word occur?	In what patterns must people use this word?
	collocations	What words or types of words occur with this one?	What words or types of words must people use with this one?
	constraints on use (register, frequency . . .)	Where, when, and how often would people expect to meet this word?	Where, when, and how often can people use this word?

Source: Adapted from Nation (2001, p. 27)

English vocabulary is complex, with three main aspects related to form,meaning, and use, as well as layers of meaning connected to the roots of individual words (Nation &Meara, 2010).So,vocabulary is more than just single words. As shown above,types of vocabulary and its aspects needed to acquire more productive vacabulary knowledge in learning strategies.

Sources : - bk_eltd_vocabulary_974,    

   - Sonita, Prawita Sari The Effectiveness Of vocabulary...,Ump. 2016